Turabian Referencing Guide
Turabian Referencing Overview
Turabian style is a student-oriented version of the Chicago Manual of Style, developed by Kate L. Turabian for academic papers and dissertations. It is widely used in history, the humanities, and social sciences. There are two distinct citation systems within Turabian:
- Footnote style (Notes-Bibliography): Uses numbered footnotes or endnotes with a corresponding bibliography. This is similar to Oxford referencing and is commonly used in the humanities.
- Author-Date style: Uses parenthetical in-text citations with a reference list, similar to Harvard referencing. This is often used in the social sciences.
Examples of both styles are provided throughout this guide.
Footnotes Example: In the text: 'Lille and Cranmer1 purport that this is the best option for modern restaurant-goers.'
In the footnote: 1 Jennifer Lille and Elsa Cranmer, Savvy: A Restaurant Guide (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023), 25.
In the footnote: 1 Jennifer Lille and Elsa Cranmer, Savvy: A Restaurant Guide (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023), 25.
Subsequent citations of the same source in the footnotes can be condensed.
1 Lille and Cranmer, Savvy, 27.
A full citation for this source would also be found in the bibliography. The only difference is that in the bibliography, the author's surname is listed first, and entries are displayed alphabetically by author's surname.
Author-Date in-text citation:
(Jones and Hughes, 2023, 9)
(Jones and Hughes, 2023, 9)
1. Books
Books with One Author
Footnote style: Last name, first name. Title. Edition (if not first). City: Publisher, Year.
Davis, Bryan. A History of Chocolate. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023).
In-text style: Last name, first name. Year. Title. Edition (if not first). City: Publisher.
Davis, Bryan. 2023. A History of Chocolate. 3rd ed. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Davis, Bryan. A History of Chocolate. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023).
In-text style: Last name, first name. Year. Title. Edition (if not first). City: Publisher.
Davis, Bryan. 2023. A History of Chocolate. 3rd ed. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Books with Two or Three Authors
Footnote style: Jones, Felicity and Hughes, Sam. Eating Out: A Definitive Restaurant Handbook. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023).
In-text style: Evans, Drew, McDonald, Fenella and Jackson, Trig. 2026. Getting the Best Service. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
In-text style: Evans, Drew, McDonald, Fenella and Jackson, Trig. 2026. Getting the Best Service. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Books with Four or More Authors
Only the first author's name appears in-text followed by 'et al.' In the reference list/bibliography, list all authors.
Footnote style: James, Patrick, Croft, David, Levin, Susan and Doe, Andrew. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Industry. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023).
In-text style: James, Patrick, Croft, David, Levin, Susan and Doe, Andrew. 2023. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Industry. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
In-text style: James, Patrick, Croft, David, Levin, Susan and Doe, Andrew. 2023. How to Succeed in the Restaurant Industry. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Include the page range (pp.) that the chapter spans.
Footnote style: King, Sandra. 'The best wines and where to find them' in Fine Wine: A Guide, ed. by Edward Loftus. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2022). pp. 28-46.
In-text style: King, Sandra. 2022. 'The best wines and where to find them'. In: Fine Wine: A Guide, edited by Edward Loftus, 28-46. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
In-text style: King, Sandra. 2022. 'The best wines and where to find them'. In: Fine Wine: A Guide, edited by Edward Loftus, 28-46. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Multiple Books by the Same Author
List chronologically by year. For works published in the same year, use 'a', 'b', 'c' after the year.
Footnote style: Brown, Graham. Mexican Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2021).
Brown, Graham. Japanese Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2022).
Brown, Graham. Chinese Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023a).
Brown, Graham. Italian Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023b).
In-text style: Brown, Graham. 2021. Mexican Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2022. Japanese Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2023a. Chinese Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2023b. Italian Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. Japanese Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2022).
Brown, Graham. Chinese Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023a).
Brown, Graham. Italian Food. (Nottingham: Delectable Publications, 2023b).
In-text style: Brown, Graham. 2021. Mexican Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2022. Japanese Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2023a. Chinese Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
Brown, Graham. 2023b. Italian Food. Nottingham: Delectable Publications.
2. Articles
Print Journals
Footnote style: Jenkins, Oliver. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8 (May 2023): 47-59.
In-text style: Jenkins, Oliver. 2023. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8 (May): 47-59.
In-text style: Jenkins, Oliver. 2023. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8 (May): 47-59.
Journal Articles Accessed Online
Cite the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) wherever possible.
Footnote style: Jenkins, Oliver. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8 (May 2023): 47-59. Accessed 15 March 2026. https://doi.org/10.1234/ojenkinscantonesecuisine.
In-text style: Jenkins, Oliver. 2023. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8: 47-59. Accessed 15 March 2026. https://doi.org/10.1234/ojenkinscantonesecuisine.
In-text style: Jenkins, Oliver. 2023. "Unusual Recipes and Cantonese Cuisine," Culinary Research, Volume 5.8: 47-59. Accessed 15 March 2026. https://doi.org/10.1234/ojenkinscantonesecuisine.
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Footnote style: Bell, Yvette. 'Man with unusual tastes eats chalk for breakfast'. The Weekly Herald. 23 April 2023, 4.
Lees, Peter. 'Freaky eaters'. The Weekly Herald 14 December 2023. Accessed 21 February 2026. https://www.theweeklyheraldonline.com/freakyeaters2023.
In-text style: Bell, Yvette. 2023. 'Man with unusual tastes eats chalk for breakfast'. The Weekly Herald. 23 April, p. 4.
Lees, Peter. 2023. 'Freaky eaters'. The Weekly Herald, 14 December. Accessed 21 February 2026. https://www.theweeklyheraldonline.com/freakyeaters2023.
Lees, Peter. 'Freaky eaters'. The Weekly Herald 14 December 2023. Accessed 21 February 2026. https://www.theweeklyheraldonline.com/freakyeaters2023.
In-text style: Bell, Yvette. 2023. 'Man with unusual tastes eats chalk for breakfast'. The Weekly Herald. 23 April, p. 4.
Lees, Peter. 2023. 'Freaky eaters'. The Weekly Herald, 14 December. Accessed 21 February 2026. https://www.theweeklyheraldonline.com/freakyeaters2023.
3. Online Sources
Websites
Footnote style: HealthTips.com, "Superfoods and where to find them," last updated 11 June 2026. Accessed: 25 March 2026. https://www.healthtipsarticles.com/superfoods.
In-text style: HealthTips.com. 2026. "Superfoods and where to find them," last updated 11 June. Accessed 25 March 2026. https://www.healthtipsarticles.com/superfoods.
In-text style: HealthTips.com. 2026. "Superfoods and where to find them," last updated 11 June. Accessed 25 March 2026. https://www.healthtipsarticles.com/superfoods.
4. Images and Visual Mediums
Films and DVDs
Footnote style: The World's Best Curries, directed by Jackson Hertz. 2023; Nottingham: Foodie Studios. Film.
In-text style: The World's Best Curries. 2023. Directed by Jackson Hertz. Nottingham: Foodie Studios. Film.
In-text style: The World's Best Curries. 2023. Directed by Jackson Hertz. Nottingham: Foodie Studios. Film.
YouTube Videos
Footnote style: "Egg custard – simple recipe!". Filmed [June 2023]. YouTube Video, 13.45. Posted by "Yummydishes", June 2023. https://www.youtube.com/yummydisheseggcustard.
In-text style: Yummydishes. "Egg custard – simple recipe!". Filmed [June 2023]. YouTube Video, 13.45. Posted [June 2023]. https://www.youtube.com/yummydisheseggcustard.
In-text style: Yummydishes. "Egg custard – simple recipe!". Filmed [June 2023]. YouTube Video, 13.45. Posted [June 2023]. https://www.youtube.com/yummydisheseggcustard.
Images and Photographs
Footnote style: Hewer, Drella. Women enjoying a cup of tea. 2022. Photograph. "Food Photography Library".
Hewer, Drella. Women enjoying a cup of tea. 2022. Photograph. "Food Photography Library". https://www.phototoday/dhewerteaphoto.
In-text style: Hewer, Drella. 2022. Women enjoying a cup of tea. "Food Photography Library".
Hewer, Drella. 2022. Women enjoying a cup of tea. From PhotoToday Online. https://www.phototoday/dhewerteaphoto.
Hewer, Drella. Women enjoying a cup of tea. 2022. Photograph. "Food Photography Library". https://www.phototoday/dhewerteaphoto.
In-text style: Hewer, Drella. 2022. Women enjoying a cup of tea. "Food Photography Library".
Hewer, Drella. 2022. Women enjoying a cup of tea. From PhotoToday Online. https://www.phototoday/dhewerteaphoto.
5. Other Source Types
Dissertations
Footnote style: Neath, G. "An examination of Mexican food in popular culture." Master's thesis. Oxford Brookes University, 2023.
In-text style: Neath, G. 2023. "An examination of Mexican food in popular culture." Master's thesis. Oxford Brookes University.
In-text style: Neath, G. 2023. "An examination of Mexican food in popular culture." Master's thesis. Oxford Brookes University.
Government Publications
Footnote style: UK Government. Nutrition and Young People. (London: Government Publications, 2026).
In-text style: UK Government. 2026. Nutrition and Young People. London: Government Publications.
In-text style: UK Government. 2026. Nutrition and Young People. London: Government Publications.
Interviews
Footnote style: Ferman, Helen. Interview with Olivia Bill. Delicious Magazine. London, 6 October 2023.
In-text style: Ferman, Helen. 2023. Interview with Olivia Bill. Delicious Magazine. 6 October. London.
In-text style: Ferman, Helen. 2023. Interview with Olivia Bill. Delicious Magazine. 6 October. London.
Music Recordings
Footnote style: Luce, Frankie. Delicious. Delectable Music. CD 487 685-3. 2022. CD recording.
In-text style: Luce, Frankie. 2022. Delicious. Delectable Music. CD 487 685-3. 2022, CD recording.
In-text style: Luce, Frankie. 2022. Delicious. Delectable Music. CD 487 685-3. 2022, CD recording.
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